Managing individual differences

Managing individual differences Introduction: Individual differ from each other is universal fact. Both inherited and external factor are responsible in our development. It is important task for every managers and leaders to understand individual differences and also to integrate to individual and the organization, to provide a better working environment that gives job satisfaction to their employees as well as help them to achieve organizational goals. The report emphasizes on hoe individuals differ from each other in terms of values, personality and attitudes by using different academic theories such as Schwartz value theory, the big five personality theory, MBTI etc. It also reflects on diversity at workforce and its importance to create productive environment. It concludes that managers should need to balance between needs and expectations to achieve success. Literature review: Individual differences is a study of human psychology which mainly concentrates on differences or similarities among individual on different psychological aspects such as their values, personality, attitude, intelligence and interest, perception, ethnic origin. Some people have believed that their personality is heavily influenced by their hereditary characteristics and it will never change, others think the reverse. (Mullins, 2011) Organizational behaviour: According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2011) â€Å"organizational behavior has argumentative or controversial relationship with management practice.† It is the study of individual and group involves understanding, prediction and control of human behavior which helps to achieve or improve organizational performance and effectiveness (Mullins, 2011). Individual differences influencing workplace behavior Values: According to Schwartz (1992), values are based on personal and social factors, it is set of beliefs and goals that serve as guiding principles in one’s life. Values are important to individual to tend to have an effect on the types of decision they make, how they perceive their environment and their actual behaviors. This is very difficult role of managers to understand values of their co workers, a customer, their superiors or other organizations. Understanding values is critical in align organizational behavior and managing people. There are ten types of universal values and some are the values are mutually exclusive. [Source: Adapted from Clegg et.al, 2011] For example: Personality: It is the study of psychological qualities that have an influence on individuals stable aspects of behavior and internal states of mind that help explain a person’s behavior tendencies. (Clegg et.al, 2011) Independence, conscientiousness, agreeableness and self control these are the examples of personality characteristics. To understand personality and individuals behavior in organization psychologist have employed different techniques and ways of categorize the personality qualities. The big five personality traits Researchers have identified 171 traits on which individual can be ranked and then list was prepared to reduce number of traits by identifying the similarities and combining them. After the study of 171 traits only five major traits was found to be value for use in organizational situations. If managers want to achieve organizational goals then they have to concentrate on these five personality dimensions. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): This tool is designed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs measures their preferences on four pairs of trait which was earlier proposed by Carl Jung in nineteenth century. This is most widely used instrument in the world. Participants are classified on four axes to determine one of 16 possible personality types such as, ENTJ Extraversion-Introversion – related to feeling energetic and comfortable. Extraversions are more energetic in group while introversion are more energetic and productive in alone. Sensing and intuiting – related to collecting information for solving problem. Thinking and feeling – based on evaluation alternatives for decision making Judging and perceiving – related to orientation of a person to the outside of the world. Attitudes According to (Arnold.et al, 2005) attitude is a tendency to think, believe or perform in a particular way toward some object. Attitudes have three components namely, feel- affective component, think – cognitive component and behave – behavioral component. In every organization each employee hold different type of attitudes than others and it helps them to get adjust to their work environment by providing interpreting things or happiness in the work. Knowledge, expressive, instrumental and ego- defensive these are the main functions of attitudes in the workplace. Many organizations conduct attitude survey, Likert techniques and questionnaires to understand values and attitudinal climate of the organization and also to analyze the views and opinions of staff members on a particular issue or on the organization itself. So, the managers make changes which will be beneficial to the organization and individual as well. Surveys can encourage to employees to get involved, management also considers employees opinions, and also provide effective communication which helps managers to achieve success. Job satisfaction: It is a positive attitude of employees has towards their job resulting from an evaluation of characteristics. It is closely related to motivation and performance. With the help of Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) managers can measured workers job satisfaction towards job and organization. Diversity in workplace: Diversity is concerned with valuing individual differences. Work place diversity means variety of differences that individual have in organization. It consists of visible and non-visible equality and differences such as, age, gender, race, personality, education background, personality and disability equality and more. The success of organization depends on individual difference and diversity which gives importance to team spirit. In the last few years been given lot of attention to managing diversity because of social attitudes changing as per the situation, all employees get equal chance to perform, develop high level skills and also for demographical changes in the organization. (Mullins, 2011) Equal opportunities to managing diversity: All workers in the organisation should get equal opportunities to perform better and manager may not treat differently one employees than other because of their religion, age, educational qualification, work experience, race, knowledge and skills and should be treat them differently on the their target achievement, better performance, appraisal. Conclusion: Individuals play important role in every organization. Above discussion provides food for thought to understand and respect individual differences and diversity to bring best in people who will help organization by increasing productivity and by providing a competitive edge. Successful managers need to achieve balance between needs and expectations to reach ladder of success. References: Huczynski A and David B (2013), Organizational behaviour, 8th edition, Pearson publication, Harrow. Clegg S, Pitsis T and Komberger M (2011), Managing and organizations: Introduction to theory into practice, 3rd Ed. SAGE publication, London. Mullins L (2011), Management and organizational behaviour, 8th edition, Pearson education, Newyork. Mazur B (2010), Cultural diversity in organizational theory and practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, Vol.2, Pg.no.5-15 Page | 1

US Immigration Policy Before and After September 11 Essay -- Septembe

America is home to a plethora of nationalities, cultures, religions and practices. The reason for this richness in different backgrounds is that since the day it was discovered by outsiders, the United States has always been open to immigrants. The Statue of Liberty, one of America’s greatest attractions, symbolizes America’s open arms to immigrants. So when America’s own symbol of freedom to immigrants stood in the waters and watched the catastrophe unravel the placidness of her surroundings by outsiders, it was a direct blow to not only the United States’ immigration policy, but also to the United States’ national security. On that unforgettable day, September 11, the United States, the world’s most richest and powerful nation, discovered the hard way that even money and power could not annihilate vulnerability. After September 11 Americans wanted to feel safe again in their own home so the United States restricted its immigration poli cy to help prevent terrorists from entering the country. The US government, however, kept economics in mind when altering the policy. The new immigration policy includes unfair procedures for certain countries. The result is a more restricted immigration policy, with major loopholes for countries that benefit the US economy. The US immigration policy before September 11 was very lax, partly because the Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) was under funded. Whenever immigrants were cited a deportation, INS could not follow up on many of these immigrants who usually remained in the country. Because it could not operate as if should due to lack of money, it is easier to understand that almost all of the alleged terrorists involved in the September 11 attacks obtained a US vis... ...partment’s own inspector general released a report that confirmed charges made by civil right groups when it was reported that the roundup of immigrants would produce huge problems. There is no clear cut, one solution to the US’s immigration problems. America must maintain safety for its citizens, but it is hard to adopt a strict immigration policy when America is deeply dependent on immigrants, especially migrant labor. Until the US lessens its great dependency on immigrant labor, the US will continue to be vulnerable to terrorists’ attacks. Bibliography Atkin, Beth S. Voices From The Fields. Little, Brown & Company. 1993. Gonzales, Camille Guerin. Mexican Workers and American Dreams: Immigration, repatriation, and California Farm Labor, 1900-1939. Wright, Dale. They Harvest Despair: The Migrant Farm Worker. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965.

Legalizing Prostitution Essay

Your Grade: 90.4 A- Informative introduction to the topic, a controversial issue (worth 15%)87 ~political or historical context ~facts or statistics ~examples or anecdotes ~quotations from authorities and experts Informative introduction to two sources (web pages, articles, editorials, or essays) and their opposing positions on the issue (worth 20%)90 ~two authors’ names ~their professional affiliations or credentials ~titles of the two sources ~publication information ~each author’s thesis Analytical and constructive analysis of the opposing positions (worth 40%)88 ~points of disagreement (values, moral principles, ideology, needs and interests, fears and concerns, priorities or agendas) ~points of agreement (over same, values etc.) ~suggestions for developing the conversation, building common ground, possibly striking a compromise Fair and impartial presentation (worth 10%)100 ~represent each side fairly and accurately ~be clear your purpose is to highlight and foster common ground ~don’t judge either of the opposing positions ~give equal attention to both Readable structure (worth 10%)95 ~thesis and forecasting statement/s (saying that in the face of disagreement common ground exists) ~topic sentences for paragraphs ~consistent labels for the opposing positions (e.g. authors’ last names) ~transitional words or phrases Sentence-level issues (worth 5%)93 ~following the guidelines on style, syntax, and punctuation that I’ve covered in PP presentations Rulx Muller Malbranche Nathanael Tagg 06/03/2013 Eng. 101 Legalizing Prostitution Considered as the world’s oldest job, prostitution has hunted society for ages. In some culture, it is seen as taboo, while in the United States the debate of legalizing it is prevailing. As a fact, prostitution cannot be put aside, something have to be done about it. Therefore, people from different background want to convey their point of view by any means possible. Some individuals come to say that prostitution should be legalized because it is a consensus between two people, and therefore, it should be respected. While others advance the principle of ethics, values and morals. In any case, this debate is in course, and prostitution on the other hand is still practiced, legalized or not. In 2012, an article appeared in the New York Times magazine called â€Å"Legality brings protection and better care†. Chika Unigwe, PhD; the Nigerian-born author gives some of the reasons why prostitution should no longer be without law controls. She argues that where prostitution is illegal, women are more at risk of being violated by their customers, because they are by themselves; without help from any other. Cecilia Hoffman, Secretary of the Coalition against Trafficking in Women, wrote in 1997 a paper, â€Å"Sex: From Human Intimacy to Sexual Labor†. In this text she asserts that â€Å"prostitution  violate the right to physical and moral integrity† and also â€Å"the right to liberty and security†; therefore, it should not be legalized. Admittedly, Unigwe and Hoffman seem to be on different sides of the question. However, both share a common ambition, which is to protect women in general. Unigue states that, â€Å"criminalizing prostitution does not irradiate it†¦, it gives the customers in unfair advantage†. (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). From her point of view, the fact that we associate prostitution with crime and violence does not eliminate its existence. It reinforces the customers to take profit of the situation, knowing that it is a dirty game; therefore they should also play dirty. For Unigwe, legalizing prostitution will give women better advantages in this practice. Whereas Hoffman, who does not consider the advantages that would bring such legalization. She focuses instead in the consequences of prostitution in real life. She declares that â€Å"Prostitution violates the prohibition of slavery , of force labor and trafficking in person†(catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d).It is clear that for Hoffman prostitution have too much negative effects on women, that should not lead to its legalization. Unigwe continues to emphasize the benefits of legalizing this old practice by asserting that it would give support to women who need help in the business. â€Å"Pimp have these illegal prostitutes in their power because the women can find no resource to help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). According to her, the fact that women are suffering in this practice is undeniable, thus, their need for help is prevailing. The legality of prostitution, for the author, will protect the right for women to be safer in their practice, to have the laws and regulations as their backup in any case of attack or violation. On the other hand, Hoffman does not comply with this point of view; she belittles the practice of prostitution in itself. Conforming to her view point, prostitution is a set of violations of human’s right. â€Å"It violates the right to enjoy the highest standard of physical and mental health† (catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d). She implies the violence, diseases, unwanted pregnancies, and unsafe abortion, all part of the common problems encountered in prostitution. For this reason, legalizing this practice also means legalizing diseases, unsafe abortion and so forth, something that Hoffman would totally disagree upon. Besides Hoffman ideas, there are other points to denote. Unigwe would say that the rate of disease is high among the prostitutes because many of them do not have easy access to health care as the legal workers. â€Å" even though some charity organization provide health care for illegal sex workers, many of them are reluctant and fear to accept the help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). The fact for these prostitutes to be illegal, cause them to resort to stay in darkness in order to survive. According to Unigwe, there is a way to decrease the rate of diseases between the prostitutes, which is by making prostitution legal. Subsequently, they will have better access to health care; there will be no fear among them of being marginalized. Both Unigwe and Hoffman are aware of the consequences or effects of prostitution on women in particular. This shared value- women right prevails- constitute a common ground between the two sides. Both have a common preoccupation, but they have different ways of expressing it. Nevertheless, this common ground does not lead them to the same conclusion. Hoffman is totally against the legality of prostitution, considering it as a humiliation or degradation of women values, reducing them to â€Å"simple commodity† to be â€Å"bought and sold†. She stands against prostitution as a practice, and considers it as an aberration that need to be eradicated in our society; if possible. However, Unigwe is more open minded on the subject, while being against the problems encountered by the prostitutes. In contrast with Hoffman, she proposes the benefits related to such legality, both for the women and for society. She advances that:â€Å"women who work legally have better access to health care, protection against violent customers and protection against exploitation†( Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). She also believes that society gains money from such legality, precisely through income tax revenues. In her point of view, this is a good approach to face the blatant phenomenon of prostitution. As two sociological active people, Hoffman and Unigwe are obviously emphasizing the need for women to be treated fairly well. Hoffman believes  that the female gender would be more protected and considered if prostitution’s rate was decreasing; thus legalizing it is out of her list. Whereas Unigwe, who consider the fact that there is actually prostitutes who are suffering in order to survive. Based on this, she thinks of the legality of prostitution as a way to help them in their cause. Although Hoffman and Unigwe view prostitution on different angles, they shared a key value that can probably lead them to a consensus in the future. Work cited Chika Unigwe, Legality Brings Protection and Better Care, The New York Time website, april 19, 2012. Cecilia Hoffman, â€Å" Sex: From human intimacy to sexual labor†, CATW-AP website, n.d.

Coral Reefs A Major Role Of Marine Ecosystems - 1582 Words

Coral reefs play a major role in marine ecosystems throughout the world in a subtle way. They are a for all intents and purposes a rich source of food for many different organisms. They house and protect several different species and they mostly protect our coastlines. However, coral reefs face various concerns because of climate changes, and so it has been seen that coral blanching frequently causes the termination of reefs. In conjunction with environmental change, there are different elements that corals reefs confront regularly. Generally, few coral reefs suffer through infection, intrusive species and even an over development of algae. Different corals definitely close Florida, have demonstrated a real decrease in coral development†¦show more content†¦(Coral Reefs and People in a High-CO2 World: Where Can Science Make a Difference to People?). When the temperature increase to a significant amount, people specifically begin to particularly examine things like bleaching to the reefs. Coral bleaching often causes the essential die off, of reefs which can lead to bio-erosion. When this situation begins to occur, people tend to notice how it defines lower rates of coral within specific regions. Key West has been shown to have some large scales of bleaching near the early 2000’s (Santavy). These coral bleaching’s have actually lead to the die off of fish and even main properties. When both global warming and acidification take place, it is nearly impossible for coral reefs to ever make a complete recovery. Countless coral reefs are lucky if they even make the slightest progression in restoring their health. Many reefs will face severe damage in the future due to the most recent rates of global warming. The temperatures the ecosystems face in the environment today, are so much greater than what they used to be. (Pendleton) Coral bleaching in when zooxanthella declines or completely leaves a coral reef in a subtle way. Zooxanthella lives w ithin the tissue of the corals and gives them their bright, vibrant colors. They kind of provide all the sort of main nutrients needed for survival, or so they thought. Coral bleaching occurs when temperatures becomeShow MoreRelatedMarine Conservation Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesMarine conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coral reefs have a great amount of biodiversity. Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving vulnerable marine species. Contents 1 Overview 2 Coral reefs Read MoreOverfishing Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pageschain such as Sharks will have no food to eat. 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